An Overview Of Research Methodology Education Essay

An Overview Of Research Methodology Education EssayAs investigate method actingology is the computer programme and structure of investigation of an aim or problem on which search is relaying so different techniques be applied to get the answers of desired question. Methodology is the conjecture of how look for should be undertaken, including the theoretical and philosophical assumptions upon which inquiry is based and the implications of these for the method or methods choose (Saunders. M, et al, 2007). According to the Kaplans discussion of this concept in The Conduct of Inquiry, He distinguishes several senses of methodology (1) techniques, the specific procedures used in a given science (2) honorifics, a ritual invocation at shielding to concern with meeting standards of scientific acceptableness (3) epistemology, involving the most basic philosophical questions about the pursuit of truth.Research methodology is the overall mental process guiding the entire inquiry proj ect. some other way to see to it at methodology is to call it the primeval evidence generation mechanism (Prashant. P, et al, 2003). It is also an activity which is time consuming so I am apply dissimilar proficiencies. My main purpose of the look into is to focus on the information technology and its effects at the time of its introduction on the workplaces. I am also analysing the contrast among the condition of the workplace before and after the introduction of IT. I am also researching on the technologies (such as computers, digital cameras, automated chines etc) which are used in the workplace. THE RESEARCH PROCESSThe research process that depart be utilized in this research is the research onion in range to ensure that it result get all the expected selective information necessary to accomplish my accusives. This is because loting a research is like peeling the back layers of an onion-in coif to travel along to the central issue of how to necessitate the necessa ry information needed to answer the research questions and objectives, distinguished layers should be freshman peeled away. With the said process, I impart able to create an outline on what measures are most appropriate to be applied in the study. The diagram below is an adaptation from Saunders. M, et al (2007) of the research process onion which is comprehensively introduces the theories of every step of methodology. There are five stages in the research onion Philosophies, border ones, strategies, choices, time horizon and techniques and procedure. And my research process will conduct according to these stages. The first layer raises the question of the research doctrine to adopt, the second counts the instance of research approach that flows from the research philosophy, the third examines the research strategy most applicable, the fourth layer refers to the time horizon a researcher applies to his research, and the fifth layer is the data collection methods to be used.Re search philosophies in all research is based on assumptions about how the world is perceived and how we fuck best come to understand it and these assumptions are established on research philosophies. These assumptions will underpin the research strategy and the methods choose as a part of that strategy. According to Saunders. M, et al(2007), research philosophy is overarching term relating to the development of fellowship and the nature of that knowledge in relation to research. Johnson and Clark (2006) argues that the vital issue is not so much whether the research should be philosophically informed, but it is how well we are able to consider upon our philosophical choices.My research will reflect cardinal research philosophies which are Ontology and Epistemology. These assumptions consist of a stance toward the nature of reality (ontology) and how the researcher knows what she or he knows (Epistemology) (Creswell, W. J, 2007).OntologyThis is the philosophy which is related to the nature of reality and its characteristics. This philosophy raises the assumptions researchers sacrifice about the way the world operates and the commitment held to finical views. Ontology has ii aspects, Objectivism and Subjectivism, which will both have their devotees among business and management researcher (Saunders. M, et al, 2007).OBJECTIVISMAn ontological position that asserts that social entities exist in a reality external to, and independent of, social actors concerned with their being (Saunders. M, et al, 2007).SUBJECTIVISIMAn ontological position that asserts that entities are created from the perceptions and consequent actions of those social actors responsible for their creation. An extreme form, it may lodge that the nature and existence of every object depends solely on someones subjective awareness of it.Subjectivism is a philosophical tenet that accords primacy to subjective experience as fundamental of all measure and law. In an extreme form, it may hold t hat the nature and existence of every object depends solely on someones subjective awareness of it (wekipidia.org). EpistemologyEpistemology is concerned with the study of knowledge and what we accept as being legal knowledge. The relationship between the researcher and that which is being researched is involved in this philosophy (Collis, J. and Hussey, R., 2003). The longer researchers stay in the field or get to know the participants, the more they know what they know from firsthand information (Creswell, 2007). Epistemology is further categorised in to three sub categories, Positivism, world and Interpretivism. (Saunders, et.al, 2009, p, 112)POSITIVISMAs my research reflects the philosophy of positivity in which I will adopt the philosophical stance of the natural scientist. Positivism is epistemological position that advocates working with an observation social reality. The emphasis is on highly incorporate methodology to facilate replication, and the end product can be l aw like generalisations similar to those produced by the physical and natural scientist (Saunders. M. Et al, 2007).REALISMRealism is another philosophical position which relates to scientific enquiry. It is the epistemological position that objects exist independently of our knowledge of their existence. The philosophy of realism is that at that place is a reality sooner independent of the human mind. Realism is somewhat similar to positivism in that it assumes a scientific approach development of knowledge (Saunders. M. Et al, 2007).There are two forms of realism direct realism and critical realism. Direct realism is the epistemological position that what we see is what we get what we experience finished our senses portrays the world accurately (Saunders. M. Et al, 2007). Another form is Critical realism which is also the epistemological position that what we experience are sensations, the images of the real world not the things directly (Saunders. M. Et al, 2007). INTERPRETIVISM It advocates the necessity to understand difference between humans in their role as social actors. The emphasis of this philosophical research is on the people rather than objects such as trucks and computers(Saunders. M. Et al, 2007). The inheritance of this strand of interpretivisim comes from two intellectual traditions phenomenology and symbolic interactionism. Phenomenology refers to the way in which human make sense of the world around. Whereas, in symbolic interactionism we are in a continual process of interpreting the social world around us (Saunders. M. Et al, 2007).Research ApproachResearch Approach refers to the approach or the methodology that has been adopted to conduct the research. It basically involves the selection of research questions, the conceptual framework that has to be adopted, the selection of appropriate research method such as primary research, petty(a) research etc (blurtit.com). Research can be distinguished as belonging to one of two models a deducti ve (or top down) approach or an inducive (or bottom up) approach. Deductive approach is one in which a supposition and hypothesis (or hypotheses) are formulated, and and then a research strategy is planned to test these hypothesis. Whereas, in Inductive approach, data is puckered and the theory is developed as a outcome of the data digest. (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007)My research will be carried out through the inductive approach in which I will collect data from different resources and develops theory as a result of data analysis. An inductive approach is radically different from the deductive type. I have chosen the inductive approach because it does not have the analogous strength of relationship between reasons and conclusion. To find something is to draw a conclusion from one or more specific facts or pieces of evidence. The conclusion explains the facts support the conclusion (Blumberg. B, et al, 2008).Research strategyMy research is instructive in which I am e xamining the relationship between variables which are information technology, workplace and the people. In order to get a clearer view of the relationship I will collect the soft data to explain the reason that how the information technology has impacted the workplace. My research strategy for this work is grounded theory.Research strategyGrounded theory is often thought of as a best example of the inductive approach developing and building method. Grounded theory is, according to Goulding (2002), particularly facilitateful for research to predict and explain behaviour, the emphasis being upon developing and building theory. A grounded theory is the research strategy in which theory is developed from data generated by a series of observations or interviews principally involving an inductive approach, definition by Saunders. M, et al (2007). According to Steren (1994, pg 273), grounded theory is one of the interpretative methods that share the common philosophy of phenomenology th at is, methods that are used to describe the world of the person or persons under study.A key idea is that this theory development does not come make the shelf, but rather is generated or grounded in data from participants who have experienced the process (Strauss and Corbin, 1998).The roots of grounded theory can be traced back to a presence known as symbolic interactionism whose origins lie in the work of Charies Cooley (1864 1929) and George Herbert Mead (1863 1931). The concern of these scholars was to avoid the polarities of psychologism and sociologism (Goulding, C., 2000). Grounded theory was originally developed in the 1960s by two American sociology scholars focusing largely on the health/nursing field, Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss, and started to become well known with the publishing of their book, Discovery of Grounded Theory (1967)( Mello, J and Flint, D. J., 2009). In grounded theory, data collection starts without the formation of an initial theoretical fra mework. Theory is developed from data generated by a series of observations. These data lead to the generation of predictions which are then tested in further observations that may confirm, or otherwise, the predictions (Saunders. M. et al, 2007). Methodology uses a systematic set of procedures to develop an inductively derived grounded theory about a phenomenon. The findings of the research give a theoretical formation of the reality under investigation, rather than consisting of a set of numbers, or a group of loosely related themes (Strauss and Corbin, 1990, ed. 1).OBJECTIVES OF GROUNDED THEORYEssentially, the objective in grounded theory is to build mid range theory. The emphasis on building effective and complex theory, grounded in data, at various levels of generality, characterizes its most important purpose (Mello, J and Flint, D. J., 2009). Grounded theory is predicated on the idea that social science theory can be built from data systematically obtained in a social settin g (Robrecht 1995, p.170). Theory emerges from very deep and contemplative analysis of data obtained in the field rather than from a prioi assumptions developed before the research begins (Mello, J and Flint, D. J., 2009). Grounded theory researchers aim to develop theories that enable explanation of behavior, are applicable in practice, and provide hypotheses that can be verified. Two features of grounded theory that help set it apart from other soft methods are (1) it is not limited to description of the phenomenon, but seeks to develop theoretical concepts, and (2) it is not bound to a particular unit of analysis, time, or place. This allows researchers to develop a grounded theory and apply and test it in areas outside the original study (Mello, J and Flint, D. J., 2009). The grounded theory perspective of what constitutes a theory is defined by Strauss and Corbin (1998, p.15) as a set of well developed concepts related through statements of relationship, which together constitu te an integrated framework that can be used to explain or predict phenomena. Theory is constructed from conceptual categories and their properties.Research Choice (Method)The way in which a researcher chooses to combine the soft and quantitative techniques and procedures is said to be research choice. Research choice can also be said as research design. Research choice is categorise in two types Mono and seven-fold method. Mono type method is that in which we use single data collection technique and corresponding analysis procedures. Whereas, multiple method is that in which more than one type of data collection technique and analysis procedures are used. In business research, mostly multiple methods is used for the combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques and procedures as well as for primary and tributary data. (Saunders, et.al, 2009, p, 151)Multiple methods are further categorized into Multi methods and Mixed methods. Multi method is a term refers to those mixtur es where associated analysis techniques use more than one data collection technique, but this method is limited within either a qualitative or quantitative world view (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 2003). My business research will reflect multi method qualitative research studies in which I will collect my data while using qualitative technique which is interviews. As my data is qualitative so I will analysis it by using qualitative procedure.Time horizonThere are generally two time horizons for the research strategy. The one is cross sectional, in which the study of particular phenomenon (or phenomena) is conducted at particular time period. And the other is longitudinal studies which is, as stated by Saunders, et al(2009), a series of snapshots and also said to be a diary that involves repeated observations of the same items over long periods of time often m all decades.For my research project, the limited time period is provided and according to specific time period, I will consider c ross sectional studies in which I will take a snapshot of Information technology in the work place.Data Collection ProceduresI will use different categories of procedures for my research. To achieve the research aim, a mixed method qualitative approach will be adopted.Primary DataThe primary research is that when source is an original document containing firsthand information about a topic. For e.g. Diaries, Interviews, Letters, Original works of art, Photographs, Works of literature. I will be collection my primary data by interviewing with different people working in different places. According to Zikmud (2003)),Interview is the method of collecting information through strikingness to face contact with the individuals.InterviewingI will collect my primary data by interviewing personnels from different people working in different workplaces such as banks, hospitals, offices, educational sectors retail business, industries, etc. An interview is a powerful discussion between two or more people (Kahn and cannel, 1957). The use of interviews can help to gather valid and reliable data that are relevant to research questions and objectives (Saunders. M, et al, 2007). Interviews are associated with the positivist and phenomenological methods. They are the methods of collecting data in which selected participants are asked questions in order to find out what they do, think or feel(Collis, J. and Hussey, R., 2003). Interviews make it easy to compare answers and may be face to face, voice to voice or book binding to screen conducted with individuals or a group of individuals (Collis, J. and Hussey, R., 2003). Interviews may be highly formalized and structured or they may be informal and unstructured. In between there are intermediate positions. One typology that is commonly used is thus related to the level of formality and structure, whereby interviews may be categorized as one of structured interviews, semi structured interviews, unstructured or in depth interview s (Saunders. M, et al, 2007).I will conduct semi structured interview in which I will have a list of all the questions to be covered during interview. Semi structured interviews are non standardised and are often referred to as qualitative research interviews. Although the response may be vary from interview to interview. I may also omit or add some questions according to the flow of conversation. The study advantage of this strategy is that with the more natural discussion the greater detail and variety can be provided by respondents. I will consider the individuals from any firms, organisations (Governmental and Non for profit), Banks and other places which are located in Middlesbrough. I will conduct face to face interviews from individuals and take the notes of the responses which are given by respondent. In these interviews I will ask them that what latest technologies they are using in their workplace and what are the benefits or drawbacks of technological advancement. How th ese technologies are making the workplace better from the former time.Secondary DataSecondary research is that when someone else has collected the data and the researcher interprets and analyses primary sources. Secondary data included both raw and promulgated summaries (Saunders. M, et al, 2007). Secondary data include both qualitative and quantitative data and they are used principally in both descriptive and explanatory research. When petty(a) data is used, it is easy to build the research on the past collected information of business knowledge which is gathered by others experiences. The advantage of using unessential data is that it can be obtained rapidly and is less expensive as compared to collect primary data (Zikmund, 2003). In contrast, some disadvantage of secondary data is that they were not designed specifically to meet the researchers need and user has no control over their accuracy, they may also be inaccurate.Different researchers have generated a variety of clas sifications for the secondary data. These classifications do not however capture the full variety of data. The three main sub groups are created for secondary data, which are infotainment data, survey based data and those compiled from multiples sources (Saunders. M, et al. 2007). The secondary data which I am collecting in my research is compiled from multiple sources. The most important characteristic of secondary sources is that they offer an interpretation of information gathered from primary sources. For e.g. Dissertations, Indexes, Abstracts, Bibliographies, Journal Articles, books, Newspaper, Internet.Research ethicsEthics are chaste principles, norms or standards of behaviour that guide moral choices about behaviours and relationships with others. In business research, ethical issues come to the fore whenever a conflict arises between the desire to conduct research that meets the highest quality standards or the communicate of the sponsor on the one hand, and societal val ues like, say, privacy, freedom and honesty on the other (Blumberg, B. et al, 2008).Ethics is the study of the right behaviour and address the questions of how to conduct research in a moral and responsible way (Blumberg, B., 2008). Ethics is also said to be, the appropriateness of the researchers behavior in relation to the rights of those who become the subject of a research project, or who are affected by it ( Saunders. M, et al, 2007). In most research situations, three parties are involved the researcher, the sponsoring client (user), and the respondent (subject)(Zikmund. 2003). indoors business and management research, there are two dominant philosophical standpoints deontology and teleology (Saunders. M, et al, 2007). The deontological view argues that the ends served by the research can never justify the use of research which is unethical. In contrast, the teleological view argues that the ends served by your research justify the means. Consequently, the benefits of your res earch findings would be weighed against the costs of acting unethically. This approach has an added complication as you also need to consider whether the benefits of the research are morally just (Saunders. M, et al, 2007).When ethics are discussed in research design, the first priority is to protect the right of the participant, respondent or subject. Whether data are gathered in an experiment, interview, observation or survey, the respondent has many rights to be safeguarded (Blumberg, B. et al, 2008). In general, the research must be designed so a respondent does not suffer physical harm, discomfort, pain, embarrassment or loss of privacy (Blumberg, B. et al, 2008). To safeguard these things, I will follow three guidelines, first I will explain the benefits of the study then I will explain the participants rights and protection and in the last I will obtain pay back informed consent.